INTENSITY OF INFECTION AND MEANS OF GIARDIASIS PREVENTION AT THE FARMS OF UKRAINE
Abstract
G. duodenalis is the most widespread among the six generally recognized species of giardiasis affecting the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. Destruction of Giardia intestinalis oocysts in the environment mitigates the risk of infection for animals and humans.
The objective of the study. The research is aimed at establishing the effectiveness of disinfectants against Giardia intestinalis cysts.
Methods. The research involved twelve farms in Ukraine. Fecal samples were taken from the tested calves aged from 1 to 3 weeks. Giardiasis was diagnosed on the basis of laboratory tests of calf feces by the Fulleborn's method. The object of study was represented by cysts of Giardia intestinalis obtained from the feces through combined flotation methods. After exposure for a period of 30 and 60 minutes, the supernatant was drained and the precipitate applied to a glass slide to be stained with Lugol's solution. Cysts were subject to evaluation in terms of their morphological features. Their shape, size, color, nuclei location and axon were determined under a microscope at a magnification of about 10x400. Yodosol, Kontavir, Biocontact and Bioluft were used as a disinfectant.
Results. The study carried out at dairy farms of various forms of ownership revealed that 25–50 % of calves at the holdings and 50–75 % of those at the farms were infected with Giardia intestinalis. Experiments established that Kontavir at a concentration of 1 %, as a disinfectant, produced a cytotoxic effect (compressed the cyst membrane) on Giardia intestinalis for 60 minutes. If the drug concentration increases to 2–3 %, Kontravir destroys the cyst shell releasing its contents within 30-60 minutes.
Conclusions. The prevalence of Giardia intestinalis has been established through studying dairy farms in four regions of Ukraine. As a disinfectant, Kontavir at a concentration of 1 % produces a cytotoxic effect (compresses the cyst membrane), at a concentration of 2–3 %, it completely destroys the cyst membrane.
Downloads
References
Jian, Y., Zhang, X., Li, X., Karanis, G., Ma, L., Karanis, P. (2018). Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in cattle and sheep from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA), northwestern China. Veterinary Parasitology, 250, 40–44. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.001
Ballweber, L. R., Xiao, L., Bowman, D. D., Kahn, G., Cama, V. A. (2010). Giardiasis in dogs and cats: update on epidemiology and public health significance. Trends in Parasitology, 26 (4), 180–189. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2010.02.005
Gherman, C. M., Kalmár, Z., Györke, A., Mircean, V. (2018). Occurrence of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in farmed long-tailed chinchillas Chinchilla lanigera (Rodentia) from Romania. Parasites & Vectors, 11 (1). doi: http://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2652-8
Minetti, C., Taweenan, W., Hogg, R., Featherstone, C., Randle, N., Latham, S. M., Wastling, J. M. (2013). Occurrence and Diversity ofGiardia duodenalisAssemblages in Livestock in the UK. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 61 (6), e60–e67. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12075
De Aquino, M. C. C., Harvey, T. V., Inácio, S. V., Nagata, W. B., Ferrari, E. D., Oliveira, B. C. M. et. al. (2019). First description of Giardia duodenalis in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis) in southwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 16, e00062. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00062
Lichtmannsperger, K., Hinney, B., Joachim, A., Wittek, T. (2019). Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum from calves with diarrhoea in Austria and evaluation of point-of-care tests. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 66, 101333. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101333
Matsuura, Y., Matsubayashi, M., Nukata, S., Shibahara, T., Ayukawa, O., Kondo, Y. et. al. (2017). Report of fatal mixed infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in neonatal calves. Acta Parasitologica, 62 (1), 214–220. doi: http://doi.org/10.1515/ap-2017-0026
Zhao, Z., Dong, H., Wang, R., Zhao, W., Chen, G., Li, S. et. al. (2014). Genotyping and subtyping Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis carried by flies on dairy farms in Henan, China. Parasites & Vectors, 7 (1), 190. doi: http://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-190
Xie, S.-C., Zou, Y., Chen, D., Jiang, M.-M., Yuan, X.-D., Li, Z. et. al. (2018). Occurrence and Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Yunnan Black Goats in China. BioMed Research International, 2018, 1–7. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4601737
Rumsey, P., Waseem, M. (2020). Giardia Lamblia Enteritis. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Feng, Y., Xiao, L. (2011). Zoonotic Potential and Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia Species and Giardiasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 24 (1), 110–140. doi: http://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00033-10
Dixon, B., Parrington, L., Cook, A., Pintar, K., Pollari, F., Kelton, D., Farber, J. (2011). The potential for zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. from beef and dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada. Veterinary Parasitology, 175 (1-2), 20–26. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.032
Feng, Y., Ryan, U. M., Xiao, L. (2018). Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cryptosporidium. Trends in Parasitology, 34 (11), 997–1011. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.009
Hatam-Nahavandi, K., Mohebali, M., Mahvi, A. H., Keshavarz, H., Najafian, H. R., Mirjalali, H. et. al. (2016). Microscopic and Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium xiaoi in Wastewater Samples of Tehran Province, Iran. Iranian journal of parasitology, 11 (4), 499–506.
Cho, Y.-I., Han, J.-I., Wang, C., Cooper, V., Schwartz, K., Engelken, T., Yoon, K.-J. (2013). Case–control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea. Veterinary Microbiology, 166 (3-4), 375–385. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.001
Hatam-Nahavandi, K., Ahmadpour, E., Carmena, D., Spotin, A., Bangoura, B., Xiao, L. (2019). Cryptosporidium infections in terrestrial ungulates with focus on livestock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasites & Vectors, 12 (1). doi: http://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3704-4
Copyright (c) 2020 Oksana Shkromada, Tetiana Nedzheria
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our journal abides by the Creative Commons CC BY copyright rights and permissions for open access journals.
Authors, who are published in this journal, agree to the following conditions:
1. The authors reserve the right to authorship of the work and pass the first publication right of this work to the journal under the terms of a Creative Commons CC BY, which allows others to freely distribute the published research with the obligatory reference to the authors of the original work and the first publication of the work in this journal.
2. The authors have the right to conclude separate supplement agreements that relate to non-exclusive work distribution in the form in which it has been published by the journal (for example, to upload the work to the online storage of the journal or publish it as part of a monograph), provided that the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal is included.