Modern concepts of teeth whitening – a narrative review
Abstract
Whitening has been known since Biblical times. Nowadays, in the developed world, patients are placing a stronger interest in the aesthetic appearance of their teeth. As a result, public demand for aesthetic dentistry, including tooth whitening, has recently increased. Aesthetics of the teeth is of great importance to many patients.
The aim is to summarise and discuss the teeth whitening procedure, tools, materials, and methods, as well as its efficacy and safety. In addition, the paper aims to provide full and comprehensive information for dentists and their patients about the merits and perils of whitening.
Methods. Relevant literature from Scopus published in English was selected using the following search criteria "tooth OR teeth AND whitening OR bleaching" by 2022. In total, there were found 3840 papers. Then, we applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria to the selected scientific papers to choose the relevant ones.
Results. A comprehensive study of the available information related to means and products for teeth whitening was carried out. Whitening may be accomplished by the physical removal of the stain or a chemical reaction to lighten the tooth colour. The indications for appropriate use of tooth-whitening methods and products depend on the correct diagnosis of the discolouration. When used appropriately, tooth-whitening methods are safe and effective.
Conclusions. Tooth whitening is a form of dental treatment and should be completed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan developed by a dentist after an oral examination.
Downloads
References
Rodríguez‐Martínez, J., Valiente, M., Sánchez‐Martín, M. (2019). Tooth whitening: From the established treatments to novel approaches to prevent side effects. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 31(5), 431–440. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12519
Dudea, D., Lasserre, J.-F., Alb, C., Culic, B., Pop Ciutrila, I. S., Colosi, H. (2012). Patients’ perspective on dental aesthetics in a South-eastern European community. Journal of Dentistry, 40, e72–e81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2012.01.016
Ingber, F. K. (2006). You are never fully dressed without a smile. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 18 (2), 59–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.2310/6130.2006.00011.x
Martin, J., Rivas, V., Vildósola, P., Moncada, L., Oliveira Junior, O. B., Saad, J. R. C., Fernandez, E., Moncada, G. (2016). Personality Style in Patients Looking for Tooth Bleaching and Its Correlation with Treatment Satisfaction. Brazilian Dental Journal, 27 (1), 60–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600127
Kaur, S. (2018). Gemstone of human personality: The smile. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 9 (2), 72. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijor.ijor_43_17
Alkahtani, R., Stone, S., German, M., Waterhouse, P. (2020). A review on dental whitening. Journal of Dentistry, 100, 103423. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103423
Sulieman, M. (2004). An Overview of Bleaching Techniques: 1. History, Chemistry, Safety and Legal Aspects. Dental Update, 31 (10), 608–616. doi: https://doi.org/10.12968/denu.2004.31.10.608
Akarslan, Z., Sadik, B., Erten, H., Karabulut, E. (2009). Dental esthetic satisfaction, received and desired dental treatments for improvement of esthetics. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 20 (2), 195–200. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.52902
Samorodnitzky-Naveh, G. R., Geiger, S. B., Levin, L. (2007). Patients' satisfaction with dental esthetics. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 138 (6), 805–808. doi: https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0269
Joshi, S. (2016). An overview of vital teeth bleaching. Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, 6 (1), 3–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5194.188155
Blatz, M. B., Chiche, G., Bahat, O., Roblee, R., Coachman, C., Heymann, H. O. (2019). Evolution of Aesthetic Dentistry. Journal of Dental Research, 98 (12), 1294–1304. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034519875450
Freedman, G. A. (2011). Bleaching. Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences, 341–404. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-06895-6.00014-1
Perdigão, J. (Ed.) (2016). Tooth whitening. Springer. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38849-6
Alqahtani, M. Q. (2014). Tooth-bleaching procedures and their controversial effects: A literature review. The Saudi Dental Journal, 26 (2), 33–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2014.02.002
Haywood, V. B. (1991). Overview and Status of Mouthguard Bleaching. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 3 (5), 157–161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.1991.tb00991.x
Frank, A. C., Kanzow, P., Rödig, T., Wiegand, A. (2022). Comparison of the Bleaching Efficacy of Different Agents Used for Internal Bleaching: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Endodontics, 48 (2), 171–178. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2021.10.011
Monteiro, R. V., Taguchi, C. M., Linhares, L. A., Bernardon, J. K. (2019). Effectiveness of combined internal-external bleaching for nonvital teeth. General Dentistry, 67 (5), 40–44.
Blanchard, D., Wissen, K. (2020). Home‐based chemically induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults: A summary of a systematic review. Public Health Nursing, 37 (4), 626–627. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12713
Fearon, J. (2007). Tooth whitening: concepts and controversies. Journal of the Irish Dental Association, 53 (3), 132–40.
Eachempati, P., Kumbargere Nagraj, S., Kiran Kumar Krishanappa, S., Gupta, P., Yaylali, I. E. (2018). Home-based chemically-induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018 (12). doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006202.pub2
Şişmanoğlu, S. (2020). An overview of vital tooth bleaching. Aurum Journal of Health Sciences, 2 (2), 115–139.
Strassler, H. E. (2011). At-Home Vital Tooth Bleaching. Inside Dentistry, 7 (2), 2–9
Pascolutti, M., de Oliveira, D. (2021). A Radical-Free Approach to Teeth Whitening. Dentistry Journal, 9 (12), 148. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9120148
Greenwall-Cohen, J., Francois, P., Silikas, N., Greenwall, L., Le Goff, S., Attal, J. P. (2019). The safety and efficacy of'over the counter'bleaching products in the UK, British dental journal, 226 (4), 271–276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-019-0011-6
Santana Jorge, O., Noronha Ferraz de Arruda, C., Tonani Torrieri, R., Geng Vivanco, R., Carvalho Panzeri Pires‐de‐Souza, F. (2020). Over‐the‐counter bleaching agents can help with tooth whitening maintenance. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 34 (2), 328–334. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12617
Sarrett, D. C. (2002). Tooth whitening today. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 133 (11), 1535–1538. doi: https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0085
Minoux, M., Serfaty, R. (2008). Vital tooth bleaching: Biologic adverse effects – A review. Quintessence international, 39 (8), 645–659.
Gerlach, R. W., Zhou, X. (2001). Vital Bleaching with Whitening Strips: Summary of Clinical Research on Effectiveness and Tolerability. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 2 (3), 28–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-2-3-28
Kwon, S. R., Wertz, P. W. (2015). Review of the Mechanism of Tooth Whitening. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 27 (5), 240–257. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12152
Epple, M., Meyer, F., Enax, J. (2019). A Critical Review of Modern Concepts for Teeth Whitening. Dentistry Journal, 7 (3), 79. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj7030079
Fejerskov, O., Nyvad, B., Kidd, E. (Eds.) (2015). Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. John Wiley & Sons.
Plotino, G., Buono, L., Grande, N. M., Pameijer, C. H., Somma, F. (2008). Nonvital Tooth Bleaching: A Review of the Literature and Clinical Procedures. Journal of Endodontics, 34 (4), 394–407. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2007.12.020
Lippert, F. (2013). An introduction to toothpaste-its purpose, history and ingredients. Toothpastes, 23, 1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000350456
Joiner, A., Hopkinson, I., Deng, Y., Westland, S. (2008). A review of tooth colour and whiteness. Journal of Dentistry, 36, 2–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2008.02.001
Joiner, A. (2006). The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature. Journal of Dentistry, 34 (7), 412–419. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2006.02.002
Shu Yao, C., Douglas Waterfield, J., Shen, Y., Haapasalo, M., MacEntee, M. I. (2013). In vitro antibacterial effect of carbamide peroxide on oral biofilm. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 5 (1), 20392. doi: https://doi.org/10.3402/jom.v5i0.20392
Maran, B. M., Matos, T. de P., de Castro, A. dos S., Vochikovski, L., Amadori, A. L., Loguercio, A. D. et al. (2020). In-office bleaching with low/medium vs. high concentrate hydrogen peroxide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dentistry, 103, 103499. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103499
Maran, B. M., Burey, A., de Paris Matos, T., Loguercio, A. D., Reis, A. (2018). In-office dental bleaching with light vs. without light: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dentistry, 70, 1–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2017.11.007
Rodrigues, J. L., Rocha, P. S., Pardim, S. L. de S., Machado, A. C. V., Faria-e-Silva, A. L., Seraidarian, P. I. (2018). Association Between In-Office And At-Home Tooth Bleaching: A Single Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Brazilian Dental Journal, 29 (2), 133–139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201801726
de Geus, J., Wambier, L., Boing, T., Loguercio, A., Reis, A. (2018). At-home Bleaching With 10 % vs More Concentrated Carbamide Peroxide Gels: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Operative Dentistry, 43 (4), E210–E222. doi: https://doi.org/10.2341/17-222-l
Dahl, J. E., Pallesen, U. (2003). Tooth bleaching – a critical review of the biological aspects. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 14 (4), 292–304. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130301400406
Mounika, A., Mandava, J., Roopesh, B., Karri, G. (2018). Clinical evaluation of color change and tooth sensitivity with in-office and home bleaching treatments. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 29 (4), 423–427. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_688_16
Brugnera, A. P., Nammour, S., Rodrigues, J. A., Mayer-Santos, E., de Freitas, P. M., Brugnera, A., Zanin, F. (2020). Clinical Evaluation of In-Office Dental Bleaching Using a Violet Light-Emitted Diode. Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery, 38 (2), 98–104. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2018.4567
Rastelli, A. N. de S., Dias, H. B., Carrera, E. T., de Barros, A. C. P., dos Santos, D. D. L., Panhóca, V. H., Bagnato, V. S. (2018). Violet LED with low concentration carbamide peroxide for dental bleaching: A case report. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 23, 270–272. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.06.021
Santos, A. E. C. G. dos, Bussadori, S. K., Pinto, M. M., Pantano Junior, D. A., Brugnera Jr, A., Zanin, F. A. A. et al. (2018). Evaluation of in-office tooth whitening treatment with violet LED: protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open, 8 (9), e021414. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021414
Moura Martins, L., Azevedo Cardoso, G. G., Lima, L. M., Rezende, M., Sutil, E., Reis, A. et al. (2021). The effectiveness of in‐office dental bleaching with and without sonic activation: A randomized, split‐mouth, double‐blind clinical trial. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 34 (2), 360–368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12863
Viscio, D., Gaffar, A., Fakhry-Smith, S., Xu, T. (2000). Present and future technologies of tooth whitening. Compendium of continuing education in dentistry, 28, 36–43.
Ajai, S., & Mahalakshmi, K. (2021). At home and in-office bleaching techniques – A literature review. International Journal of Community Dentistry, 9 (2), 52–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcd.ijcd_13_22
Abbott, P., & Heah, S. (2009). Internal bleaching of teeth: an analysis of 255 teeth. Australian Dental Journal, 54 (4), 326–333. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01158.x
Carey, C. M. (2014). Tooth Whitening: What We Now Know. Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, 14, 70–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.02.006
Demarco, F. F., Meireles, S. S., Masotti, A. S. (2009). Over-the-counter whitening agents: a concise review. Brazilian Oral Research, 23 (1), 64–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242009000500010
Joiner, A. (2010). Whitening toothpastes: A review of the literature. Journal of Dentistry, 38, e17–e24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2010.05.017
Tao, D., Smith, R. N., Zhang, Q., Sun, J. N., Philpotts, C. J., Ricketts, S. R. et al .(2017). Tooth whitening evaluation of blue covarine containing toothpastes. Journal of Dentistry, 67, S20–S24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2017.10.014
Shang, R., Kaisarly, D., Kunzelmann, K.-H. (2022). Tooth whitening with an experimental toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. doi: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1543189/v1
Kaur, A. (2015). Toothpastes. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 142 (3), 352–353.
Sharif, N., MacDonald, E., Hughes, J., Newcombe, R. G., Addy, M. (2000). The chemical stain removal properties of'whitening'toothpaste products: studies in vitro. British Dental Journal, 188 (11), 620–624. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4800557a
Vaz, V. T. P., Jubilato, D. P., Oliveira, M. R. M. de, Bortolatto, J. F., Floros, M. C., Dantas, A. A. R., Oliveira Junior, O. B. de. (2019). Whitening toothpaste containing activated charcoal, blue covarine, hydrogen peroxide or microbeads: which one is the most effective? Journal of Applied Oral Science, 27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0051
Kensche, A., Holder, C., Basche, S., Tahan, N., Hannig, C., Hannig, M. (2017). Efficacy of a mouthrinse based on hydroxyapatite to reduce initial bacterial colonisation in situ. Archives of Oral Biology, 80, 18–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.03.013
Kwon, S., Pallavi, F., Shi, Y., Oyoyo, U., Mohraz, A., Li, Y. (2018). Effect of Bleaching Gel Viscosity on Tooth Whitening Efficacy and Pulp Chamber Penetration: An In Vitro Study. Operative Dentistry, 43 (3), 326–334. doi: https://doi.org/10.2341/17-099-l
Tredwin, C. J., Naik, S., Lewis, N. J., Scully, C. (2006). Hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening (bleaching) products: Review of adverse effects and safety issues. British Dental Journal, 200 (7), 371–376. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4813423
Eimar, H., Siciliano, R., Abdallah, M.-N., Nader, S. A., Amin, W. M., Martinez, P.-P. et al. (2012). Hydrogen peroxide whitens teeth by oxidizing the organic structure. Journal of Dentistry, 40, e25–e33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2012.08.008
Karadas, M., Hatipoglu, O. (2015). Efficacy of Mouthwashes Containing Hydrogen Peroxide on Tooth Whitening. The Scientific World Journal, 2015, 1–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/961403
Oliveira, J., Sarlo, R., Bresciani, E., Caneppele, T. (2017). Whitening Efficacy of Whitening Mouth Rinses Used Alone or in Conjunction With Carbamide Peroxide Home Whitening. Operative Dentistry, 42 (3), 319–326. doi: https://doi.org/10.2341/15-361-l
Torres, C., Perote, L., Gutierrez, N., Pucci, C., Borges, A. (2013). Efficacy of Mouth Rinses and Toothpaste on Tooth Whitening. Operative Dentistry, 38 (1), 57–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.2341/11-360-l
da Rosa, G., Maran, B., Schmitt, V., Loguercio, A., Reis, A., Naufel, F. (2020). Effectiveness of Whitening Strips Use Compared With Supervised Dental Bleaching: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Operative Dentistry, 45 (6), E289–E307. doi: https://doi.org/10.2341/19-160-l
Kugel, G., Ferreira, S. (2005). The art and science of tooth whitening. Journal of the Massachusetts Dental Society, 53 (4), 34–37.
Serraglio, C. R., Zanella, L., Dalla-Vecchia, K. B., Rodrigues-Junior, S. A. (2015). Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter whitening strips as compared to home-whitening with 10 % carbamide peroxide gel – systematic review of RCTs and metanalysis. Clinical Oral Investigations, 20 (1), 1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1547-8
Biesbrock, A. R., Walters, P., Bartizek, R. D. (2004). A chewing gum containing 7.5% sodium hexametaphosphate inhibits stain deposition compared with a placebo chewing gum. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, 25 (4), 253–299.
AlOtaibi, F. (2019). Adverse effects of tooth bleaching: A review. International Journal of Oral Care and Research, 7 (2), 53–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/injo.injo_22_19
Havwood, V. B., Leonard, R. H., Nelson, C. F., Brunson, W. D. (1994). Effectiveness, Side Effects and Long-Term Status of Nightguard Vital Bleaching. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 125 (9), 1219–1226. doi: https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1994.0154
Carneiro, T. S., Favoreto, M. W., Bernardi, L. G., Sutil, E., Wendlinger, M., Centenaro, G. G. et al. (2022). Gingival irritation in patients submitted to at-home bleaching with different cutouts of the bleaching tray: a randomized, single-blind clinical trial. Clinical Oral Investigations, 26 (6), 4381–4390. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04401-4
Goettems, M. L., Fernandez, M. dos S., Donassollo, T. A., Henn Donassollo, S., Demarco, F. F. (2021). Impact of tooth bleaching on oral health-related quality of life in adults: A triple-blind randomised clinical trial. Journal of Dentistry, 105, 103564. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103564
Goldberg, M., Grootveld, M., Lynch, E. (2009). Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review. Clinical Oral Investigations, 14 (1), 1–10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-009-0302-4
Copyright (c) 2022 Svitlana Boitsaniuk, Orest Kochan, Mariana Levkiv
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our journal abides by the Creative Commons CC BY copyright rights and permissions for open access journals.
Authors, who are published in this journal, agree to the following conditions:
1. The authors reserve the right to authorship of the work and pass the first publication right of this work to the journal under the terms of a Creative Commons CC BY, which allows others to freely distribute the published research with the obligatory reference to the authors of the original work and the first publication of the work in this journal.
2. The authors have the right to conclude separate supplement agreements that relate to non-exclusive work distribution in the form in which it has been published by the journal (for example, to upload the work to the online storage of the journal or publish it as part of a monograph), provided that the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal is included.
